Baker Tilly has contextualized a five-step Dynamic Costing road map to execution within the Industry 4.0 environment below.
Step 1: Planning
One of the first things an organization needs to do is to identify its business objectives. For most organizations, their business objectives change over time. Reid said, “For example, when a manufacturer starts an initiative, it is solely looking to maximize profit. When a “black swan” event occurs, e.g., a pandemic, the manufacturer has to shift from maximizing profit to surviving.” Having an Industry 4.0 structure in place provides flexibility and allows it to rapidly change its business objectives and make appropriate decisions.
Another part of planning is assessing systems or infrastructure, whether it be software or staff, and making sure the organization has suitable tools and resources available. Lastly, by looking at its culture and structure, an organization can determine how it is progressing along the maturity continuum.
Step 2: Gather data and analyzing operations
An organization must understand the true source of data it’s using to make decisions. It could be from internal sources, such as its enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, manufacturing execution system (MES), or even spreadsheets. It may also come from external sources, like a third-party payroll administrator.
A manufacturer should also be looking at its hardware needs — programmable logic controllers (PLCs) on the shop floor, human machine interfaces (HMIs), scales, robots, etc. — and if it has devices and machinery that can be included in the IIoT environment. When it has the right hardware, it will be able to identify where that data is and how to collect it.
Gathering data is also where an organization should be taking stock of its master data. Reviewing that master data and ensuring its accuracy is critical to that process because otherwise “garbage in, garbage out” is not just a saying, but an actuality for that organization.
Step 3: Build a program to assimilate information
This step is not based entirely on merely building an application for accessing information; it is also about putting in place the controls necessary to ensure movement along the continuum of Industry 4.0 is sustainable. The organization needs to have the correct technology to leverage this information, as well as the management wherewithal to capitalize on the information that is available.
Other items critical to this step are:
- The utilization of extract, transform, load (ETL) tools in terms of defining analytic workflows (both process and data workflows) and to the sustainability of the overall process
- The development of integration maps, which indicate where the organization is getting information and where there are possible gaps in the data
- The deployment of an analytic framework and associated models, showing how data and analytics flow
Step 4: Implement and validate against business objectives
When first talking about an implementation, the organization often focuses on business objectives, but when it is time to get into the details of an implementation plan, those objectives are put on the back burner. It is important to continually validate against the business objectives and ensure the solution put in place supports the organization.
At this step, an organization should assign a dedicated project champion to stay focused on the objectives, and demonstrate the benefits of the solution to team members as well as the employee base. The organization should review results against business objectives and then validate product level results to achieve confidence with a top-down view.
The final part in this step is communication. At every stage within an Industry 4.0 deployment, Reid said, someone should be asking, “Is this appropriate for the organization?” It should be an open communication so everyone is confident the technologies being put forth are going to be beneficial to the organization.
Step 5: Institutionalize Dynamic Costing
Organizations now have the tools to collect and analyze data to make decisions rapidly and continuously over time. With Industry 4.0 integration of shop machinery to back-end systems, manufacturers have real-time information at their fingertips. Processes and procedures should be defined and implemented in order to make the institutionalization and continuous improvement aspect of this a reality. If an organization does not revisit improvements, it will either not progress or, worst-case scenario, slide back into previous behaviors.
Finally, with Industry 4.0, manufacturers deal with contingency planning and should perform “what-if” scenarios, working with the technology that is in place. It gives the organization the capacity to analyze and take action upon near real-time information. If organizations look back to what issues they were talking about in December 2019 or January 2020, the conversations they are having now are much different. It is that ability to rapidly pivot on what their objectives are that will be key to their success over time.